TOTOSLOT4D adalah situs slot online resmi yang terbaik no 1 tentunya pada tingkat rate kemenangan 98% cuma secara bermain disitus slot gacor hari ini

TOTOSLOT4D adalah situs slot gacor terpercaya yang menawarkan game slot gacor terbaik hari ini gampang menang sehingga mendatangkan maxwin.

Alasan gampang menang yaitu karena situs XLSLOT88 memberikan info permainan slot gacor hari ini di situs slot88

agen situs XLSLOT88 sudah dipercaya oleh ribuan pemain situs judi online slot gampang menang memberikan hadiah kemenangan besar

XLSLOT88 adalah situs judi slot online gacor terbaik nomor 1 di Indonesia yang mempunyai game slot gacor dan judi online gampang menang paling dipercaya no 1 di Indonesia dengan winrate tinggi

Sebagai situs slot online gacor terpercaya menang jackpot sensasional tentu saja XLSLOT88 memiliki lisensi resmi dari lembaga perjudian nasional yang merupakan hal yang sangat diutamakan untuk keamanan dan kenyamanan para pemainnya

XLSLOT88 sebagai situs slot online gacor gampang menang hari ini tentunya menyediakan ratusan pilihan game yang dapat dimainkan secara bebas dan memiliki kemungkinan menang jackpot besar di setiap game slot online gacor nya

XLSLOT88 sebagai situs slot gacor terbaru dan terpercaya gampang menang memberikan beberapa keuntungan yang bisa diperoleh setelah bergabung di situs XlSlot88

Situs judi online slot gacor 2025 hari ini seringkali memberikan penawaran bonus dan promosi yang sangat menggiurkan

Situs TOTOSLOT99 sebagai Situs Slot gacor Terpercaya yang layani Daftar Slot Online Gacor berdiri semenjak tahun 2020 yang punya beberapa ribu anggota setia aktif setiap harinya

Daftar Slot gacor paling aman disini dan dapatkan keuntungan berlimpah disini dengan melakukan pendaftaran di situs slot gacor TOTOSLOT99

TOTOSLOT99 adalah platform judi slot online resmi yang menawarkan pengalaman bermain seru, aman, dan menguntungkan dengan peluang jackpot maksimal

Selamat datang di situs TOTOSLOT99 slot gacor maxwin gampang menang jackpot maxwin terbesar hari ini yang menyediakan berbagai fasilitas lengkap untuk memenuhi keinginan para member

Situs Judi Slot Online Gacor TOTOSLOT99 Sering Kasih Menang Maxwin yang selalu memberikan hadiah bonus jackpot slot online terbaik terbesar

TOTOSLOT99 menyediakan berbagai permainan bocoran slot gacor malam ini yang mudah untuk menang seperti bola online sbobet88, live casino online

Banyak varian game judi online terbaik, terbaru dan terlengkap yang TOTOSLOT99 sedikan selaku agen slot terpercaya 2024

TOTOSLOT99 adalah Situs slot yang mudah menang yang sudah menjadi bandar situs khusus judi slot online di Asia dengan permainan Daftar Situs Judi Slot Gacor Gampang Menang Hari Ini

Banyak pilihan provider situs slot online gacor jackpot terbesar yang bisa anda mainkan bersama teman dan keluarga untuk mendapatkan bonus jackpot di situs TOTOSLOT99

PAYSLOT88 selaku situs judi slot gampang menang jackpot terbesar menyediakan daftar situs judi slot gacor terpercaya hari ini bagi semua bettor judi slot online

bermacam-macam game popular seperti: sbobet slot online, poker idn, 9Gaming Poker telah disediakan TOTOSLOT99 untuk memenuhi kepuasan para member.

Anda dapat memilih permainan sesuai skill dan kesukaan anda, sehingga dapat membuat anda mendapatkan banyak hadiah dan bonus TOTOSLOT99

TOTOSLOT99 terbaru slot gacor 4D dan togel 4D resmi dengan sistem gampang menang. Dapatkan peluang besar dengan modal kecil

TOTOSLOT4D sebagai Link Slot Gacor 2025 merupakan situs permainan judi online 24jam terpercaya yang menyediakan banyak jenis permainan judi seperti, taruhan bola, casino, poker online, tembak ikan, sabung ayam

XLSLOT88 Merupakan Situs Wahana Bermain Slot Zeus Gacor Mudah Jp x1000 Perkalian Merah

XLSLOT88 adalah Link Slot88 Gacor dan Situs Slot Gacor Server Thailand Terbaik tahun 2025

TOTOSLOT4D dikenal sebagai situs zeus slot yang paling gacor karena memiliki permainan slot gacor anti rungkad terbaru

XLSLOT88 adalah link slot online resmi terpercaya yang menawarkan berbagai pilihan permainan slot gacor mudah menang serta menghadirkan pengalaman bermain terbaik

XLSLOT88 adalah situs terpercaya slot gacor 2025 anti rungkad mudah menang maxwin menyediakan ratusan game terbaru slot gacor dengan rtp maxwin 98% dijamin cuan jutaan auto jadi sultan.

XLSLOT88 menghadirkan link daftar situs slot thailand dan slot gacor 777 gampang menang tahun 2025, nikmatin ratusan game-game terbaik yang seru dimainkan gampang menang jackpot jutaan rupiah.

TOTOSLOT4D merupakan Daftar situs slot online yang menjadi tempat bermain para pecinta judi slot gacor di Indonesia

Slot Gacor hadir dengan berbagai macam permainan slot maxwin terbaru 2025 dan bekerja sama dengan situs TOTOSLOT4D

TOTOSLOT99 merupakan Link Login Slot Scan Qris yang dapat dimainkan secara daring dan bisa dapat jackpot besar

berbagai macam permainan judi online tersedia di situs XLSLOT88 dengan deposit rendah bisa maxwin besar.

TOTOSLOT99 Merupakan Situs Slot Toto99 terpercaya dapat memberikan kemenangan disetiap harinya hanya dengan modal kecil

PAYSLOT88 adalah situs slot online terpercaya di indonesia, ditahun 2025 sudah terbukti dapat memberikan kemenangan besar disetiap permainannya

PAYSLOT88 merupakan situs slot gacor terbaru ditahun 2025 menghadirkan mengalaman bermainan yang sangat bagus di indonesia

TOTOSLOT99 adalah situs slot gacor resmi gampang menang dengan koleksi permainan dari provider ternama dan dukungan teknologi terbaru

XLSLOT88 adalah media resmi situs slot gacor hari ini gampang menang maxwin jackpot x1000, daftarkan akun pro provider slot gacor hanya di XLSLOT88 mainkan ratusan game terupdate yang seru dimainkan dengan grafik terbaik di indonesia.

XLSLOT88 merupakan platform terbaru situs resmi slot online gacor no.1 di indonesia, menghadirkan ratusan game slot online gacor yang seru untuk dimainkan dan pasti gampang menang maxwin sampai ratusan juta rupiah

Temukan permainan slot online gacor 2025 hanya di situs TOTOSLOT4D dengan minmal depsoit 20ribu saja bisa maxwin setiap hari

TOTOSLOT99 merupakan Link Login Slot Scan Qris yang dapat dimainkan secara daring dan bisa dapat jackpot besar

TOTOSLOT4D titik kumpul pertemuan situs slot scan qris dan slot gacor online 4d yang mempunya sistem serba gacor terbaru

TOTOSLOT4D adalah link bermain situs slot scan qris colaborasi dengan slot gacor 4D yang sudah di pastikan akan gampang maxwin di permainan slot onlinenya

TOTOSLOT4D kini hadir dengan slot online yang melakukan deposit scan qris bantuan sistem canggih bernama AI Qris yang membuat semakin legit memproses deposit anda tanpa ditunda tunda

TOTOSLOT4D sangat di kenal dengan paltform situs slot scan qris yang bekerjasama toto slot 4d untuk mempermudah bertransaksi maupun deposit dan penarikan

ქართული ენციკლოპედიის ი. აბაშიძის სახელობის მთავარი სამეცნიერო რედაქცია

Georgian Encyclopedia

General Information

In Georgia encyclopedic and lexicographic work has a long tradition. Even in the Middle Ages, philosophical-theological and historical-hagiographic works were always accompanied by an encyclopedic commentary. Definitions of scientific references and terms can be found abundantly in the works of Ephrem Mtsire, Ioane Petritsi, Arsen of Ikalto and others.

The Georgian Dictionary by Sulkhan-Saba Orbeliani played a major role in the development of Georgian encyclopedic and lexicographic science. Kalmasoba (1813-28) by Prince Ioann of Georgia has a special place as well. In 1898-99, the first four books of the multi-volume Russian-Georgian Encyclopedic Dictionary were published under the editorship of Ivane Rostomashvili. The level of development of science and culture, the strengthening of the national intelligentsia at the beginning of the 20th century increased the necessity of Georgian encyclopedia. Georgian scientists, led by Alexander Tsagareli, Vasil Petriashvili and Aleksandre Khakhanashvili, decided to publish Encyclopedia of Georgia. An extraordinary fellowship of well-known scientists and public figures was created, an extensive publication program was drawn up, but this patriotic work could not be carried out in the conditions of that time.

In the 1930s, the creation of the Editorial Office of the Georgian Soviet Encyclopedia was of great importance. Malakia Toroshelidze was the editor-in-chief, and Simon Kaukhchishvili was the executive secretary. Famous Georgian scientists participated in the creation of the encyclopedia. In 1933, the word-list of the publication was ready. A year later, the editors almost finished the work on Volume I, but at a later stage, various complications emerged. Mass Soviet repressions affected editorial staff as well. At the beginning of the 1940s, work on the publication was stopped.

The editorial archive (in particular, the authors' articles) and the printed texts have been preserved. Encyclopedic articles written by prominent Georgian scientists have not lost their scientific value to this day (letters of Ivane Javakhishvili, Korneli Kekelidze, Simon Janashia, Geronti Kikodze, etc.).

The Editorial Office of the Georgian Encyclopedia was established in 1966 under the leadership of Irakli Abashidze, prominent poet and public figure.

The publishing of the twelve-volumes of the first Georgian universal encyclopedia in 1975–1987 (editor-in-chief — Irakli Abashidze, deputy editors-in-chief: Roin Metreveli, Avtandil Sakvarelidze, secretary Giorgi Zhorzholiani, Tengiz Khoshtaria, Iago Vardosanidze) had a true historical significance. The leading figures of Georgian science: Aleksandre Baramidze, Tamaz Gamkrelidze, Ilia Vekua, Pavle Ingorokva, Nikoloz (Niko) Ketskhoveli, Viktor Kupradze, Nikoloz (Niko) Muskhelishvili, Simon Kaukhchishvili, Akaki Shanidze, Giorgi Chitaia, Evgeni Kharadze, Sergi Jikia and others worked on it. The 80,000 print run of the encyclopedia soon sold out and became a rarity. It still remains as an important source of information in various fields of knowledge in the Georgian language.

37 years have passed since the publication of the last volume of the Georgian Soviet Encyclopedia. Since then, historical changes have taken place in the world. The 1990s were particularly difficult for the editorial board, as well as for the entire country. Nevertheless, it was possible to start the work on the Encyclopedia Georgia (Sakartvelo), the first volume of which was published in 1997.

Encyclopedia Georgia provides the reader with diverse information about Georgia and Georgians, all important events, facts and figures, as well as about foreigners and world-historical events that have left a deep mark on the centuries-old history of our country. =

Over the past 20 years, the editors of the encyclopedia have offered several interesting publications to the scientific community and readers in general. Namely, in 2002, the Encyclopedia Tbilisi was published, where the information about Georgian capital was gathered and systematized. The book received great interest and approval from Georgian readers. In 2008, the encyclopedic dictionary Tbilisi. Streets, Avenues, Squares was published with the support of the Tbilisi City Hall.

This unique publication reflects the changes that Tbilisi has undergone since the 19th century. For this, materials published in 1846-1917, such as Caucasian calendars, plans and topographical maps of Tbilisi, street directories, archival material kept in the Central State Archive of Tbilisi, relevant literature kept at the Ilia Chavchavadze National Parliamentary Library of Georgia and others were processed.

The Georgian Encyclopedia prepared a series of explanatory and orthographic dictionaries with the Arnold Chikobava Institute of Linguistics: Orthographic Dictionary of Greek and Roman Proper Names by Kona Gigineishvili (1985); Explanatory Dictionary of the Georgian Language. One volume (1986, second edition in 2 parts, 1990); Orthographic Dictionary of Geographic Names of Georgia (1987; second edition 2009); Orthographic Dictionary of Geographic Names of the Soviet Union (1987); Orthographic Dictionary of Geographic Names of Foreign Countries (1989); Orthographic Dictionary of Foreign Names (1989) and others.

In 2008, the first Georgian encyclopedia Georgian Language was published. It covers the problems of the history, structure, and dialect composition of the Georgian language from ancient times to modern Georgian. The work reflects the achievements of Georgian scientists and foreign Kartvelologists in this field. The encyclopedia contains material about the Kartvelian and Caucasian languages, as well as those languages that were or are widespread in Georgia, or had any contact with the Georgian language directly or through literary ways. Some notices were printed for the first time. The study reviews important Georgian epigraphic monuments preserved both in Georgia and abroad. The materials depicting the Georgian monuments in the North Caucasus should be noted. Articles are accompanied by unique illustrations. Some references and illustrations have been made available to the general public for the first time. In 2011, Izabela Kobalava, the author of the book, and Gucha Kvaratskhelia, the editor, were awarded the Akaki Shanidze Prize.

At the same time, Georgian Scripts, a popular publication for students and youth, was published (the author, Prof. Elena Machavariani). The study of the old Georgian scripts — Asomtavruli and Nuskhuri — is of great importance for identifying the ancient cultural heritage, especially from the standpoint of accurate dating of monuments. The book presents a graphic comparison of each letter-sign with Mkhedruli, the modern Georgian script, and Nuskuri script is considered as an intermediate, transitional stage in this overall development.

In 2011, the editors of the encyclopedia offered the readers the book — 100 Georgians Abroad, about those prominent figures of the Georgian origin who left a significant mark in the culture, science and political life of one or another foreign country from ancient times to the present day. Some of them were not born in Georgia, some did not even live in Georgia or left their homeland as children; They became a part of the culture and public life of the country in which they lived. The list of these countries is impressive: Egypt, Byzantium, Greece, Palestine, Iran, Ottoman Empire, European countries, Russia, USA, etc. The publication includes not only those names who made a significant contribution to other countries, but also those who toiled selflessly for Georgia abroad and rendered invaluable service to our country from there.

In 2014, the second volume of the mentioned edition — 100 Memorable Names was published (in Georgian, English and Russian languages). It was dedicated to the famous figures of non-Georgian origin and foreigners who made a great contribution to Georgian culture, science, etc.

Encyclopedia is a kind of passport of a nation. And in today's “digital world” it is especially relevant to establish one's own place by providing relevant information to readers. Considering this, special significance is attached to the improvement and updating of the website georgianencyclopedia.ge. The website contains about 14,000 articles from the 5 volumes of the Encyclopedia Georgia. In 2024, the English version of the site was created and experts are working on the relevant translation of the texts.

The publication of a multi-volume scientific encyclopedia Description of Historical and Cultural Monuments of Georgia started in 1980s. In 1990, the first book dedicated to the historical and cultural monuments of Gori, Kaspi, Mtskheta, Kareli and Khashuri municipalities was published with 1247 monuments of history and culture overviewed. From that period to 2021 five more volumes, dedicated to all other municipalities of Kakheti Region, were published.

Thus, 4210 monuments of history and culture are overviewed in all six volumes.

Work is currently underway on the seventh book of the collection, which is dedicated to the monuments of Shida Kartli (Tskhinvali region) currently occupied by Russia.

Each of the mentioned books has an introduction, in which the history of the monuments of archaeological and material culture are overviewed. There are short reference articles for each municipality, as well as a separate article about the administrative centers of the municipalities and villages. Most of articles are illustrated with sketches and photographs.

The scientific value and practical purpose of the book is quite high, as a big part of the architectural monuments included in it are published for the first time and thus have acquired the significance of primary sources.

“Encyclopedic Dictionary of Georgian Hagiography” by Saba Metreveli was published in 2023. It includes clerical and secular figures, biblical characters and saints of the Orthodox Church, geographic and ethnic names, monuments of Georgian architecture and hagiographic terms mentioned in the monuments of ancient Georgian hagiographic literature (4th-18th centuries). The editors of the book are academicians Roin Metreveli and Avtandil Arabuli.